This lab was with Cody, Tanner, and Jordan. We had to test pressure with different amounts of yeast in a tube of water. We graphed them on the computer and it worked out pretty well. Here is a graph that I linked to this post.
Click here for Graph
I have to give Cody Bensley credit for making the graph and helping me out on the lab and post. Thanks Cody
Wednesday, December 21, 2011
Monday, December 12, 2011
Microscope test
We were able to test out microscope and see how well we knew how to use them and to see how fast we can focus in on something. It was really neat to see how powerful those things are. I first pulled out a piece of my hair and focused the lens to see it clearly. I was amazed at how clear it was. Then i looked at the pond water and saw little organisms moving around in it. Overall i enjoyed the lab and i'm hoping that we get to do it again.
Friday, December 2, 2011
COLLAGEN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Proteins are the most diverse class of biological molecules. Most of your body is made up of proteins. Eact protein consists of one or more polypeptide chains, in which amino acids are strung together in a specific order. This amino acid sequence or 'primary structure' is the key to the shape and function of the protein. Interactions among different amino acids along the length ofthe polypeptide chain cause it to coil, bend, and fold into a complex shape. Some proteins consist of two or more polypeptide chains. In many cases, the polypeptide chains form a rounded or globular shape. Most enzymes are like this, as is the oxygen-carrying hemoglobin molecule. In other cases, polypeptide chains form long strands or sheets. These fibrous proteins are often structural componets, such as keratin and collagen.
ACTIVITY
In this activity, you will explore the structure and function of collagen, the most abundant protein in the human body. You will begin by visiting a Protein DataBank site, where structure of collagen is described and illustrated in a "Molecule of the Month" feature. Next, you will reaseach the effects of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a genetic disorder that affects the structure or number of collagen molecules.
PART 1
Use your browser to go to http://www.rcsb.org
Do a search at the very top of the page for collagen, then click on the Read More link to view the article on collagen.
Read the information and view the graphics. Use this information to answer the following questions:
1. Describe the primary structure of collagen. What are the major amino acid componets?
The major amino acids are glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline. Triple Helix is a type of collagen and is a long rope like structure. They are braided together by three polypeptide chains. Every third amino acid (glycine) is perfectly fitted into the helix. The rest are filled into the helix which is proline and hdroxproline.
2. What role does vitamin C play in collagen formation? What happens when a person does not gen enough vitamin C in his or her diet?
Vitamen C helps create hydroxyproline so it is very important to have it. The body can NOT produce vitamin C so we have to make sure we have it in our diet. When we don`t the production of collagen slows down, this can cause scurvy.
3. Describe the quaternary structure of collagen (the way in wich the polypeptide chains are arranges).
Like braiding your hair, that is how collagens are structured. They come together making long strands side by side. they unite with the heads connection and the tails far apart.
PART 2
Use your browser to go to the Web site of the Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation at http://www.rcsb.org
On the left side of the home page, click the link "About OI," then find the "Facts About Ol" section.
Read the material in the sections entitled "Facts on Osteogenesis Imperfecta" and "Types of OI". Use what you ahve learned to answer the following questions:
1. What is the main symptom of osteogenesis imperfects? What are some other symptoms that people with OI have?
Some symptoms are that you are very fragile and bones can break or fracture. The loss of hearing can start and joint laxity. Also, curved bones (scoliosis) and having short stature.
2. Type I osteogenesis imperfecta causes fewer problems than the other forms. How does the collagen structure in Type I OI differ from that of the other types?
The collagen structure is very normal which makes it different than every other collagen. Excepy you dont have an average amount of collagen you have less.
Read the handout in the resource section on Bone Structure (opens in Acrobat Reader).
1. Describe the role of collagen in bones. Why do collagen problems lead to bone problems?
Collagen is like the foundation of your bones, making them stronger! Bones have a frame and collagen builds on them making them not as fragile or easy to break.
The Carb lab was very fun. It also taught me a lot that i didn't know about sacchrides.
HYPOTHESIS: The Cheerios will be Polysacchride, the corn syrup will be Disacchrides and the Galactose will be a Monosacchride.
PURPOSE: The purpose for this lab was to get a better understanding about Sacchrides, what they are and how they join together.
MARTERIALS: Three test tubes, Cheerios, Corn syrup, Galactose, Water, Hot water bath, Benidicts, Iodine, a test tube holder, and something to Label the test tubes with.
PROCEDURE:
1st we gathered all of the materials that we needed. (Cheerios, Cornsyrup, and Galactose)
2nd we placed a little of each material in each tube separately.
3rd we tested the benidicts in each tube... to test the benidicts we add a little of water in each tube with a little benidicts and a little of each thing you are testing. Then you place the three tubes in the Hot water bath for 5 minutes
4th we record our data
5th we test the iodine repeating step 3 but we used iodine instead of benidicts and we did not place the tubes in the hot water bath
6th we record our data and compare benidicts and iodine to determine which of the things we were testing was mono, poly, or di saccharides.
DATA:
Cheerios were a Disacchride
Corn syrup was a Monosacchride
Galactoce was a Monosaccride
As a group we did not have any Polysacchrides but as a class we had many...
EXAMPLES:
Mono- Gaclactose, Glucose, and Cornsyrup
Di-Lactose, and Sucrose
Poly-Starch, Cheerios, Flour, and Kicks Cereal.
CONCLUSION:
Based on all of the research that we did in this lab we came to find that
Cheerios were a Disacchride
Corn syrup was a Monosacchride
Galactoce was a Monosaccride!!
Macromolecules in cells....Websearch
Open your web browser to navigate to:
Read the introduction to Macromolecules and answer these questions:
1. What is a Macromolecuel?
A Macromolecuel refers to a class of large molecules that are very important biologically.
2. What is monomer?
A monomer is a bunch of several molecules that are chemically bonded to form long polymer molecules.
3. What is a polymer?
Polymers are macromolecules that are built and broken down in the same way.
4. List the four main types of macromoelcules.
a. Protiens
b. Lipids
c. Carbohydrates
d. Nucleic acids
In the learning materials box click the link for the activity "making and breaking plymers." Use this activity to help answer the following questions:
5. What are the types of reactions that macromolecules are shown to undergo?
The types of reactions that macromolecules are shown to undergo are condensation and hydrolysis reactions.
6. Describe how monomers are joined together.
Monomers join together because condensation forms the molecules, they are joined by gaining other molecules; they all attach to eachother.
7. Describe how polymers are broken down.
A polymer is broken down by a process called hydrolysis.
8. What is the specific name for the bond between simple sugar monomer?
A specific name for the bond between simple suger monomers is Glycosidic linkages.
9. Which kind of enzyme joins monomers together?
Proteins are the enzyme that joins monomers together.
10. describe how you had to arrange the sugar monomers in order to build a polysaccharide.
The coners must connect so the oxygens can join and they make a polysaccharide.
11. Which building blocks of macromolecules are NOT used in building carbohydrates?
Amino acids and fatty acids.
12. Why is sugar stored as glycogen in the human body?
Sugar is stored as glycogen in the human body because when energy is needed it boosts you up fast... The storage is like a back up plan.
13. Why are plant foods essential to animal life?
Plant food is essential to animal life because thats where animals get their energy.
14. Describe how starch is digested by animals.
Animals digest starch by the saliva in their mouth. The saliva breaks it down andthen goes in the digestive system.
15. What is "fiber" and why is it important in your diet?
Fiber is a special type of carbohydrate and plays an important role for your blood sugar levels.
16. What causes you to pass gas (fart) according to the article?
When you pass gas it is because there is to much air in your stomach and it needs to escape, you either burp or pass gas.
Scroll back up to the top of the
carbohydrates article and click on the link in the text to “Low Carbo Madness”
and read the linked article.
17. What are some disadvantages of a low carb diet?
Some disadvantages to a low carb diet are in the first few much there is a great weight loss. But later on within the year there is great energy loss and you will not get all the carbs that you need.
18. Sugars and cavities formation
Acid-producer + carbohydrates + teeth= Cavities
When you eat sugars it produces acids that causes cavities.
Read the introduction to Macromolecules and answer these questions:
1. What is a Macromolecuel?
A Macromolecuel refers to a class of large molecules that are very important biologically.
2. What is monomer?
A monomer is a bunch of several molecules that are chemically bonded to form long polymer molecules.
3. What is a polymer?
Polymers are macromolecules that are built and broken down in the same way.
4. List the four main types of macromoelcules.
a. Protiens
b. Lipids
c. Carbohydrates
d. Nucleic acids
In the learning materials box click the link for the activity "making and breaking plymers." Use this activity to help answer the following questions:
5. What are the types of reactions that macromolecules are shown to undergo?
The types of reactions that macromolecules are shown to undergo are condensation and hydrolysis reactions.
6. Describe how monomers are joined together.
Monomers join together because condensation forms the molecules, they are joined by gaining other molecules; they all attach to eachother.
7. Describe how polymers are broken down.
A polymer is broken down by a process called hydrolysis.
8. What is the specific name for the bond between simple sugar monomer?
A specific name for the bond between simple suger monomers is Glycosidic linkages.
9. Which kind of enzyme joins monomers together?
Proteins are the enzyme that joins monomers together.
Back on the previous macromolecules page, scroll down to the
section on carbohydrates. In the learning materials box for carbohydrates click
the link to the “build a carbohydrate” activity.
section on carbohydrates. In the learning materials box for carbohydrates click
the link to the “build a carbohydrate” activity.
10. describe how you had to arrange the sugar monomers in order to build a polysaccharide.
The coners must connect so the oxygens can join and they make a polysaccharide.
11. Which building blocks of macromolecules are NOT used in building carbohydrates?
Amino acids and fatty acids.
Back on the previous carbohydrates page, click on the link
on the bottom of the page labeled “More on Carbohydrates.” Read the article and answer these questions:
on the bottom of the page labeled “More on Carbohydrates.” Read the article and answer these questions:
12. Why is sugar stored as glycogen in the human body?
Sugar is stored as glycogen in the human body because when energy is needed it boosts you up fast... The storage is like a back up plan.
13. Why are plant foods essential to animal life?
Plant food is essential to animal life because thats where animals get their energy.
14. Describe how starch is digested by animals.
Animals digest starch by the saliva in their mouth. The saliva breaks it down andthen goes in the digestive system.
15. What is "fiber" and why is it important in your diet?
Fiber is a special type of carbohydrate and plays an important role for your blood sugar levels.
16. What causes you to pass gas (fart) according to the article?
When you pass gas it is because there is to much air in your stomach and it needs to escape, you either burp or pass gas.
Scroll back up to the top of the
carbohydrates article and click on the link in the text to “Low Carbo Madness”
and read the linked article.
17. What are some disadvantages of a low carb diet?
Some disadvantages to a low carb diet are in the first few much there is a great weight loss. But later on within the year there is great energy loss and you will not get all the carbs that you need.
Return to the original carbohydrates lesson page and click
on the link on the bottom “Carbohyrates and Cavities” and read the linked page.
on the link on the bottom “Carbohyrates and Cavities” and read the linked page.
18. Sugars and cavities formation
Acid-producer + carbohydrates + teeth= Cavities
When you eat sugars it produces acids that causes cavities.
H2O Lab
Last week in Biology we learned why water molecules are "sticky." In the first lab Tanner and I did, using a dropper and a penny, we placed as many drops of water on the penny as we could "without" spilling off the side of the penny, we were able to drop 46 droplets when the record was 65 droplets. Then after cleaning the penny and droper we used the same tecquniques but instead of using water we used alcohol. With using the alcohol we only got 26 droplets. We learned in this lab that water has buoyancy.
After realizing that water is very sticky, we did a few tests. The main test was to see if we placed one side of a string to a beaker with water in it, and the other side to a beaker without. we raised the beaker with the water pouring the water on to the string to glide down to the empty beaker. We had to wet the string before trying to send the water down the string. We were not successful in getting it all the way down the string but we got pretty close.
After realizing that water is very sticky, we did a few tests. The main test was to see if we placed one side of a string to a beaker with water in it, and the other side to a beaker without. we raised the beaker with the water pouring the water on to the string to glide down to the empty beaker. We had to wet the string before trying to send the water down the string. We were not successful in getting it all the way down the string but we got pretty close.
Wednesday, November 30, 2011
The Scientific Method
There are many ways to do an experiment, a lot say there is a right way to do it. I agree but i disagree at the same time. I think that you should go step by step kind of like a beginning, middle, and an end. For example the Scientific Method states that you should first have a problem, next make an observation,a hypothesis and then you should test your experiment. After you test you will have a conclusion. I read some links and i will link them to the bottom of this blog, but sometimes science is not always set out to be experimented with a beginning, middle, and an end. In reality, we do put the hypothesis, problem, and observation at the beginning side following with the experiment and ending with a conclusion but there really is no linear way. In an experiment there are a few rules. You must have a control, a control is something that will always stay the same in the experiment. The dependent variable is what is being measured. The independent variable effects the outcome of the experiment.
For example, in the corn experiment, the dependent variable was how tall the corn grows but the independent variable was the number of bugs around the corn. The control in the corn experiment was the sunlight and water. A placebo is a sugar pill, this is a type of control; this is something that has no effect on the experiment, this is only made for the person to believe that there is a difference when this object is added. Sometimes placebos are used in place of a control in an experiment. In a double blind trial neither the person receiving the item or giving the item has an idea of what the outcome will be. For example if a doctor or researcher wants to know if taking vitamin C, neither the participants or the researcher know which group is getting what. This helps for the researchers to get an accurate outcome.
For example, in the corn experiment, the dependent variable was how tall the corn grows but the independent variable was the number of bugs around the corn. The control in the corn experiment was the sunlight and water. A placebo is a sugar pill, this is a type of control; this is something that has no effect on the experiment, this is only made for the person to believe that there is a difference when this object is added. Sometimes placebos are used in place of a control in an experiment. In a double blind trial neither the person receiving the item or giving the item has an idea of what the outcome will be. For example if a doctor or researcher wants to know if taking vitamin C, neither the participants or the researcher know which group is getting what. This helps for the researchers to get an accurate outcome.
Monday, October 17, 2011
H2O Lab
Tanner and I were partners in this lab and we learned how "sticky" water molecules are. We dropped little droplets of water on a penny to see how many drops of water we can get on the penny. We got a total number of 46 drops while the class record was 65 I think. After we did that, we dropped droplets of alcohol onto the penny and we dropped a total of either 23 or 24.
Wednesday, October 12, 2011
Wednesday, September 14, 2011
Ph Lab
I did my lab with Tanner, Cody, and Jordan. At first we didn't think we were doing the lab right because the mixture we made started bubbling up and it over flowed the cup. Turns out that it was supposed to happen. First we tested Rolaids with baking soda and vinegar, we put the vinegar and the crushed up Rolaids in first then we added the baking soda. It was an immediate reaction and the mixture started bubbling up. The Ph of that mixture of the Rolaids was 5. Next we tested the generic brand of Tums. It had the same reaction of the first test. The Ph level of the generic Tums was 5. The next test was the Tums and the Ph level of it was between 6 and 7. Our last test was the Liquid Antacid and the Ph level of it was 7. Over all the lab was pretty entertaining and we did it successfully. As far as we know we didn't have any serious errors. Measuring was probably our only error. We cannot wait till the next one.
Friday, September 9, 2011
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